The Center for Biological Diversity, Western Watersheds Project, Butte resident Pat Munday and former Montana fishing guide George Wuerthner filed a lawsuit today challenging the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's latest decision to deny Endangered Species Act protection to a unique population of Arctic grayling in Montana. These river-dwelling relatives of trout and salmon now inhabit less than 5 percent of their historic range, with a last refuge in one short stretch of the Big Hole River. The groups are represented by Earthjustice in Bozeman.

“Montana grayling have been lost from the vast majority of the rivers and streams where they once swam, and they desperately need the protections of the Endangered Species Act to survive,” said Noah Greenwald, endangered species director at the Center. “The U.S. Fish and Wildlife's most recent decision to deny the grayling protection is dirty politics that doesn't follow the science. Thirty years is too long to wait for protection.”

The Service first determined the grayling warranted endangered status in 1994 and reaffirmed that conclusion in 2010, but reversed course in August 2014 withholding protection from the rare and beautiful relative of trout and salmon. In denying the grayling protection, the agency argued that voluntary efforts by private landowners and the state of Montana, guided by a conservation agreement in place since 2006, have alleviated threats to the fish's survival. Although many individual projects to improve habitat have been completed under the agreement, the grayling continues to face numerous threats, including excessive water withdrawals for irrigation, non-native trout and ongoing habitat degradation.

“Voluntary efforts to improve Arctic grayling habitat are important, but have not been enough to rescue this magnificent, native fish from decline,” said Earthjustice attorney Adrienne Maxwell, who is representing the groups. “This species needs more of the cold, clear water Montana is famous for. Endangered Species Act listing will help to address the water flow issues and restore these necessary qualities of the grayling’s habitat while also protecting these treasured rivers and streams.”

Once found throughout the upper Missouri River drainage above Great Falls, native populations of Montana grayling have been reduced to a short stretch of the Big Hole River, a few small lakes in the area, and a small population reintroduced in the Ruby River. A primary factor in the decline of the species’ range has been the ongoing diversion of water from the fish’s stream habitat for agricultural uses and the degradation of riparian areas. Extensive water withdrawals from the Big Hole River that draw down the river to a mere trickle every summer continue to threaten the Big Hole population. Listing under the Endangered Species Act would require the creation of a federal conservation plan to address low flows in the Big Hole, among other threats.

“Arctic grayling teeter on the edge of extinction,” said Travis Bruner, executive director of Western Watersheds Project. "If the fish are to stand a chance of survival in an already depleted range, we must immediately address water shortages and habitat degradation."

“This is about more than saving the grayling, this is about saving a national treasure—the Big Hole River,” said noted conservationist and former Montana fishing guide George Wuerthner. “The Endangered Species Act is incredibly effective at protecting and recovering species, but only if protection is provided. It's a travesty that the grayling has been waiting for protection for 33 years.”

“It is incredibly sad that we must sue the Fish & Wildlife Service to follow the law and protect grayling,” added Pat Munday, a college professor who authored a popular book about the Big Hole River. “The agency claims that grayling numbers are increasing, but provides no credible, statistically valid evidence for this claim. In fact, when you examine the data, it appears that there is a consistent, long-term decline in the grayling population.”

Read the complaint.

Background

A member of the salmon family, the Arctic grayling is a beautiful fish with a prominent dorsal fin. The species thrives in cold freshwater streams and rivers across Canada and Alaska. Historically, fluvial populations of Arctic grayling existed in only two places in the lower 48 states: Michigan and the upper Missouri River of Montana. Populations in Michigan went extinct by the 1930s, and populations in Montana were restricted to the Big Hole River and a few lakes by the end of the 1970s. Studies demonstrate that Montana grayling are genetically distinct from populations in Canada and Alaska.

A candidate for protection since 1982, the grayling was first petitioned for listing in 1991 by the Biodiversity Conservation Alliance, now part of the Center for Biological Diversity, and George Wuerthner, leading to the Fish and Wildlife Service's first finding that the grayling warranted endangered status in 1994. Rather than providing that protection, however, the agency put the fish on a candidate list, where it received no protection.

The grayling subsequently experienced severe declines in response to the near drying-up of the Big Hole River on an annual basis caused by increased irrigation use and drought. Fearing the extinction of the fish, the Center, Western Watersheds Project and Wuerthner sued for protection in 2003. In 2005, the Fish and Wildlife Service agreed to issue a new decision on listing, but rather than list the species, the agency reversed course and denied it protection, arguing that extinction of the Montana population would be insignificant. The groups again sued, and in 2010 the Fish and Wildlife Service once again reversed course, concluding that the grayling warranted protection, but again only added it to a candidate list. In 2011 the Center reached a settlement agreement requiring the agency to either move forward with protection or withdraw such protection by the end of fiscal year 2014, resulting in the most recent reversal and denial.